In the Greek island of Crete, approximately 7%[18] to 11%[19] of males belong to haplogroup G. [4], Two scholarly papers have also suggested an origin in the Middle East, while differing on the date. Amongst the Madjars, G1 was found at a rate of 87%. On the other hand, G2a3-M485-associated lineages, or more precisely its G2a3b-P303-derived branch, represent the most common assemblage, whereas the paraphyletic G2a3-M485* lineages display overall low occurrence in the Near/Middle East, Europe and the Caucasus. Pichler I, Fuchsberger C, Platzer C et al. P15 was identified at the University of Arizona and became widely known by 2002. Looking still more closely at the distribution of P303 sub-clades, some distinct patterns emerge in the network (Figure 4). Although compared with G1-M285, the phylogenetic level of P303 (Figure 1) is shallower but its geographic spread zone covers the whole hg G distribution area (Figure 2b). (2000) suggested 17,000 years ago. The number of STR marker values separating men in this group suggest G-PF3359 is a relatively old group despite the small number of men involved. Iceman tzi, known to have been a haplogr. Haplogroup H dominates present-day Western European mitochondrial DNA variability (>40%), yet was less common (~19%) among Early Neolithic farmers (~5450 BC) and virtually absent in Mesolithic . Haplogroup S, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1a. Haak W, Balanovsky O, Sanchez JJ et al. Several G-PF3359 subclades, based on shared STR markers, probably exist. King RJ, DiCristofaro J, Kouvatsi A et al. The corresponding coalescent estimate for M377 is 5600 years ago (Supplementary Table S4). Taken as a collective group, P303-derived chromosomes are the most widespread of all hg G lineages (Supplementary Table S1 and Figure 2b) and clearly display differential geographic partitioning between L497 (Figure 2c) and U1 (xM527) (Figure 2d). An assessment of the Y-chromosome phylogeography-based proposal that the spread of G2a-L497 chromosomes originated from Central Europe could be achieved by typing this SNP in the Holocene period human remains from Germany31 as well as those from France and Spain.45, 46 Certainly, Y chromosome represents only a small part of human genome and any population-level interpretation of gene flow in this region would have to be supported by genome-wide evidence. A clade of closely related Ashkenazi Jews represent virtually all G2b persons, with just three other G2b haplotypes having been reported so far: one Turk from Kars in northeast Turkey near Armenia, one Pashtun, and one Burusho in Pakistan. A subset of 693 samples was typed for short tandem repeats of Y-chromosome (Y-STRs) using the 17 STR markers in the Applied Biosystems AmpFlSTR Yfiler Kit according to manufacturer recommendations. Evaluation of Y-chromosomal STRs: a multicenter study. Behar DM, Yunusbayev B, Metspalu M et al. Haplogroup G (Y-DNA) In human genetics, Haplogroup G (M201) is a Y-chromosome haplogroup. Encyclopedia of mtDNA Origins - Discover your maternal lineage. BMC Evol Biol 2011; 11: 69. PLoS One 2011; 6: e20232. ISSN 1476-5438 (online) The highest reported concentration of G1 and its subclades in a single country is in Iran, with next most frequent concentrations in neighboring countries to the west. It is provided at the request of readers. It is a child of haplogroup M12'G. It was likely born in the East Asia around 32,000 years ago. However, interpretations based on simple haplogroup frequency clines do not recognize underlying patterns of genetic diversification. Although no basal G-M201* chromosomes were detected in our data set, the homeland of this haplogroup has been estimated to be somewhere nearby eastern Anatolia, Armenia or western Iran, the only areas characterized by the co-presence of deep basal branches as well as the occurrence of high sub-haplogroup diversity. [25], In the Middle East, haplogroup G accounts for about 3% of the population in almost all areas. It is a branch of haplogroup G (Y-DNA) (M201). [44] The "U" SNPs were identified in 2006 but not published until 2009.[45]. ), Haplogroup M, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1b. Among Turkish males 11% of the population is G.[6] In Iran, Haplogroup G reaches 13 to 15% of the population in various parts of the country. The M527-defined sub-clade is unusual in that it reflects the presence of hg G-U1 that is otherwise rare in Europe. In the G2a3b-P303 network (Figure 4), there are several region-specific clusters, indicating a considerable history for this SNP. Cavalli-Sforza L, Menozzi P, Piazza A : The History and Geography of Human Genes. These latter labs also made use of raw data results reported by individuals tested for about 2,000 SNPs at 23andMe to provide new L or S-designated SNP tests. Y-DNA haplogroups are useful to determine whether two apparently unrelated individuals sharing the same surname do indeed descend from a common ancestor in a not too distant past (3 to 20 generations). The L293 SNP that characterizes a third subclade was identified in June 2010 at Family Tree DNA. Ancient DNA reveals male diffusion through the Neolithic Mediterranean route. Distribution. (Previously the name Haplogroup S was assigned to K2b1a4. Kharkov VN, Stepanov VA, Borinskaya SA et al. The Network 4.6.0.0 (Fluxus-Engineering) program was used (median-joining algorithm and the post-processing option). Article All G-M377 men tested so far also have a rare null value for the DYS425 marker, (a missing "T" allele of the DYS371 palindromic STR), the result of a RecLOH event, a finding not yet seen among most other G haplotypes. Elizabeth T Wood, Daryn A Stover, Christopher Ehret, L177, later discarded in favour of PF3359 and equivalent SNPs, was first identified at. These five major sub-clades of the G2 branch show distinct distribution patterns over the whole area of their spread. Whereas the presence of Mideastern mtDNA in Tuscany43 supports the model of early Iron Age migrants from Anatolia (putative Etruscans) colonizing Central Italy,44 the occurrence of the G2a3b1c-L497 lineage in Italy is most likely associated to migratory flows from the north. The mutations involved may be complicated and difficult to interpret. The G-M286 subclade (M286+) is small compared with G-L91. SD was also calculated for the age estimates according to the following formula: 25/1000 (ASD0 variance)/0.00069. Semino O, Passarino G, Oefner PJ et al. In Europe west of the Black Sea, Haplogroup G is found at about 5% of the population on average throughout most of the continent. [16] The concentration of G falls below this average in Scandinavia, the westernmost former Soviet republics and Poland, as well as in Iceland and the British Isles. Google Scholar. The phylogeny obtained for haplogroup Q-M378 comprising 5.2% of the Ashkenazi paternal variation 24, shows a similar pattern to that observed for haplogroup G-M377 (Supplemental Figure S5). Gene pool structure of Eastern Ukrainians as inferred from the Y-chromosome haplogroups. The presence of M527 in Provence, southern Italy and Ukraine may reflect subsequent Greek maritime Iron Age colonization events16 and perhaps, given its appearance among the Druze and Palestinians, even episodes associated with the enigmatic marauding Sea Peoples.42. G-L91 would seem to encompass a significant proportion of men belonging to G. L91 is found so far in scattered parts of Europe and North Africa and in Armenia. First, the G2a1-P16 lineage is effectively Caucasus specific and accounts for about one-third of the Caucasian male gene pool (Figure 2f). Y chromosomal heritage of Croatian population and its island isolates. [5] Cinnioglu et al. The coming of the Greeks to Provence and Corsica: Y-chromosome models of archaic Greek colonization of the western Mediterranean. Thus inferences regarding migratory histories must be viewed cautiously, as diversities may have changed over the time spans discussed. These Neolithic European were descendants of Neolithic farmers from Anatolia, among some of the earliest peoples in the world to practice agriculture. This group has been linked with the Crypto-Jewish population which fled to the island during the time of the Spanish Inquisition, of which a significant portion are identifiable as G-Z725 (DYS388=13). PLoS One 2009; 4: e5792. ASD0 is the average squared difference in the number of repeats between all current chromosomes of a sample and the founder haplotype, which is estimated as the median of current haplotypes. Distribution. The mutation is found on the Y chromosome at 10595022 and is a change from G to C. G-L30 (also G-PF3267, G-S126 or G-U8; G2a2b, previously G2a3) This value of 12 is uncommon in other G categories other than G1. The emergence of Y-chromosome haplogroup J1e among Arabic-speaking populations. A high percentage of G-Z1903 men belong to its subclade, G-Z724. Am J Hum Genet 2012; 90: 573. First, here is the only region with co-presence of deep basal branches as well as the occurrence of high sub-haplogroup diversity of haplogroup G. G2a3a-M406 has a modest presence in Thessaly and the Peloponnese (4%),10 areas of the initial Greek Neolithic settlements. Nat Commun 2012; 3. de Knijff P, Kayser M, Caglia A et al. Name: G-L14 Age: 7800 ybp 1700 CI 95% Expansion: 5200 ybp 1900 CI 95% Parent: G-L1 Note: This information does not imply an endorcement of YFull or their methods. Haplogroup G2a2b is a rare group today in Europe. You belong to a subgroup of haplogroup G (G-M201), The Caucasus Mountaineers, and your oldest. Am J Hum Genet 2008; 82: 236250. Haplogroup G represents one of the first peoples in Europe. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. A more compact cluster of Near/Middle Eastern samples is also resolved in the network. To accommodate for variability in sample sizes and hg G content, haplogroup diversity was calculated using the method of Nei37 only in the 52 instances when total population sample size exceeded 50 individuals and 5hg G chromosomes were observed. The naming of sub-clades is according to YCC nomenclature principles. The presence of the SNP P18 mutation characterizes G2a1a's only subclade, G2a1a. Nei M : Molecular Evolutionary Genetics. King RJ, Ozcan SS, Carter T et al. PLoS One 2011; 6: e17548. Y-chromosomal diversity in Lebanon is structured by recent historical events. Age (2004) suggested the mutation took place only 9,500 years ago. Genetic evidence concerning the origins of South and North Ossetians. IK thanks the Russian Foundation for Basic Research for grant 08-06-97011 and the Grant of the President of the Russian Federation of state support for young Russian scientists MK-488.2006.4. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Parallel evolution of genes and languages in the Caucasus region. Mol Biol Evol 2011; 28: 29052920. Use the Previous and Next buttons to navigate the slides or the slide controller buttons at the end to navigate through each slide. Whatever the date or specific place of origin, part of the G family put down roots predominantly in the area south and east of the Caucasus mountains. P287 was identified at the University of Arizona and became widely known in late 2007. Ancient DNA suggests the leading role played by men in the Neolithic dissemination. The DYS391 marker has mostly a value of 10, but sometimes 11, in G2a2b1 persons, and DYS392 is almost always 11. Article Mol Biol Evol 2006; 23: 22682270. The members of G-PF3359 are probably smaller in number than men included in G-P303, but only a small amount of testing has occurred for the relevant mutations. The frequency pattern and the microsatellite network of E-M2(xM191) indicate a West African origin followed by expansion, a result that is in agreement with the findings of Cruciani et al. [42] The technical specifications of M201 are given as: refSNPid is rs2032636..Y chromosome location of 13536923.forward primer is tatgcatttgttgagtatatgtc..reverse primer is gttctgaatgaaagttcaaacg..the mutation involves a change from G to T. A number of SNPs have been identified with seemingly the same coverage in the population as M201. First, we calculated haplogroup diversity using data in Supplementary Table S1 for the 52 instances when total population sample size exceeded 50 individuals and 5hg G chromosomes were observed. Although M527 frequency (Supplementary Table S1) is relatively low (16%), its phylogeographic distribution in regions such as southern Italy, Ukraine and the Levant (Druze and Palestinians) often coincides with areas associated with the Neolithic and post-Neolithic expansions into the Greek Aegean beginning approximately 7000 years ago.41 The expansion time (Td) of M527 is 71002300 years ago and is consistent with a Middle to Late Neolithic expansion of M527 in the Aegean. Men who belong to this group but are negative for all its subclades represent a small number today. This is likely due to a local founder effect.[40]. The fragments were run on the ABI PRISM 3130xl Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems). The L141 mutation involves an insertion.[35]. The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: evidence for bidirectional corridors of human migrations. Goncalves R, Freitas A, Branco M et al. The Sea Peoples, from cuneiform tablets to carbon dating. In the Americas, the percentage of haplogroup G corresponds to the numbers of persons from Old World countries who emigrated. In Russia, Ukraine and Central Asia, members of various ethnic minorities and/or residents in particular localities possess G-M201 at its highest levels in the world even though the average rate at the national level is about 1% or less. Haplogroup P (P295) is also klnown as K2b2. Capelli C, Brisighelli F, Scarnicci F, Blanco-Verea A, Brion M, Pascali VL : Phylogenetic evidence for multiple independent duplication events at the DYS19 locus. Samples have been identified in England, Germany, Montenegro (Bosniak), Spain, Cyprus (Greek), Turkey, Armenia, Georgia, Lebanon, Syria and Kuwait. The second common hg G lineage in the Caucasus is U1, which has its highest frequencies in the South (22.8% in Abkhazians) and NW Caucasus (about 39.7% in Adyghe and 36.5% in Cherkessians), but also reaches the Near/Middle East with the highest frequency in Palestinians (16.7%) and, shows extremely low frequency in Eastern Europe. Haplogroup G was the first branch of Haplogroup F outside of Africa. Excavating Y-chromosome haplotype strata in Anatolia. Haplogroup A0-T is also known as A-L1085 (and previously as A0'1'2'3'4). The effective mutation rate at Y chromosome short tandem repeats, with application to human population-divergence time. The identities of the specific 19 loci that define the STR haplotypes are reported in Supplementary Table S3 and Figure 4 legend. Here we present the haplogroup frequency distribution and STR variation of 16 informative G sub-clades by evaluating 1472 haplogroup G chromosomes belonging to 98 populations ranging from Europe to Pakistan. Dulik MC, Zhadanov SI, Osipova LP et al. ISSN 1018-4813 (print), Distinguishing the co-ancestries of haplogroup G Y-chromosomes in the populations of Europe and the Caucasus, Subdividing Y-chromosome haplogroup R1a1 reveals Norse Viking dispersal lineages in Britain, Phylogenetic analysis of the Y-chromosome haplogroup C2b-F1067, a dominant paternal lineage in Eastern Eurasia, Y-chromosomal connection between Hungarians and geographically distant populations of the Ural Mountain region and West Siberia, Origin and diffusion of human Y chromosome haplogroup J1-M267, Bidirectional dispersals during the peopling of the North American Arctic, The role of matrilineality in shaping patterns of Y chromosome and mtDNA sequence variation in southwestern Angola, Ancient human mitochondrial genomes from Bronze Age Bulgaria: new insights into the genetic history of Thracians, Medieval Super-Grandfather founder of Western Kazakh Clans from Haplogroup C2a1a2-M48, Early medieval genetic data from Ural region evaluated in the light of archaeological evidence of ancient Hungarians, http://harpending.humanevo.utah.edu/popstr/, Population genetic study of 17 Y-STR Loci of the Sorani Kurds in the Province of Sulaymaniyah, Iraq, Phylogenetic history of patrilineages rare in northern and eastern Europe from large-scale re-sequencing of human Y-chromosomes, Sex-biased patterns shaped the genetic history of Roma, Middle eastern genetic legacy in the paternal and maternal gene pools of Chuetas, Cancel In the ten remaining populations, haplogroup diversity spanned from a low of 0.21 in Adyghes, to highs of 0.88 in Azeris (Iran) and 0.89 in eastern Anatolia and 0.90 in Armenia. G-P16 is also occasionally present in Northeast Caucasus at lower frequencies (Supplementary Table S1), consistent with a previous report.3 Outside the Caucasus, hg G-P16 occurs at 1% frequency only in Anatolia, Armenia, Russia and Spain, while being essentially absent elsewhere. The Y-chromosomal haplogroup G (hg G) is currently defined as one of the 20 standard haplogroups comprising the global Y-chromosome phylogeny.1 The phylogeographic demarcation zone of hg G is largely restricted to populations of the Caucasus and the Near/Middle East and southern Europe. No clinal patterns were detected suggesting that the distributions are rather indicative of isolation by distance and demographic complexities.