Numbers 14-15 and 18-20 wanting. - Title from item. LAC nsk 2021-10-04 create (1 card), Printed Ephemera Collection (Library of Congress) - Anti-Imperialist League (Washington, D.C.), Horrible nightmare of a worthy old gentleman. Revell, 1904). How did the US attempt to justify Imperialism. Reimagining Zimbabwe's Cape-to-Cairo Railroad - FOCUS on Geography 203228. The U.S. is newly victorious in 1898 naval victories over the Spanish at Manila and Santiago de Cuba. Britannia (Symbolic character)--1900-1910, - Raising money to Save the Foreign Devils recurs in the visual record. The cover featuring an illustration from Le Petit Journal, 1913. The language obviously resonated with the Kipling-esque imagery of white men bringing enlightenment to new-caught sullen peoples, half-devil and half-child. People of darkness was, moreover, a perception that missionaries (whom Twain excoriated) routinely applied to the heathen natives of non-Christian lands. In this blatantly racist rendering, Americas newly subjugated people appear far more primitive and barbaric than the older empires load. This French cartoon eschews the romantic presentation in the preceding Puckgraphic and casts a far more cynical eye on Anglo-American expansion as fundamentally a matter of conquest. Other materials require appointments for later the same day or in the future. 1345 (1902 December 10), centerfold. In the storm clouds on the left, the Eastern Question looms. Illus. White man's burden--1900-1910, - From the Cape to Cairo / Keppler. In the September 28, 1901 issue, artist Jean Veber excoriated the shameful subject of the concentration camps British forces used to weaken Boer resistance in the Anglo-Boer War of 18991902. (Some images display only as thumbnails outside These images are presented through a cooperative effort between the Library of Congress and Dickinson State University. Britannia (Symbolic character)--1900-1910, - And the political cartoons of the timesubjective, emotional, ideological, highly politicized and at the same time, politically diversifiedconvey this complexity with unparalleled sophistication and intensity. | Print shows Chauncey M. Depew and Robert G. Ingersoll, each in the arms of the other, pointing to quotations attributed to them that justify American imperialist activities 1 print : chromolithograph. Painting carried a portfolio inscribed Light. "Major Grogan's Moves," EAS (15 November 1919), 7. Uncle Sam breaks up a fight between students identified as Cuban Ex-Patriot and Guerilla in his New Class in the Art of Self-Government. The famous white-haired general, Mximo Gmez, a master of insurgency tactics in the Cuban Independence War (18951898) reads a book with his name on it. 367-373 (1998). So, if we do our duty aright in the Philippines, we will add to that national renown which is the highest and finest part of national life, will greatly benefit the people of the Philippine Islands, and, above all, we will play our part well in the great work of uplifting mankind. Priests Horribly Tortured. The caption again ironically quotes an Official Report to the War Office that praises the British soldiers bravery in the face of a fierce enemy, in this case women and children: The humanity of our soldiers is admirable and does not tire despite the ferocity of Boers., Vers le Camp de Reconcentration (To the Concentration Camp). Asking only the open door for ourselves, we are ready to accord the open door to others. The White Mans Burden was used by both pro- and anti-imperialist factions. When the Chinese man raises his sword, it is labeled barbarism, but when the French soldier does precisely the same thing it is a necessary blow for civilization.. Source:Wikimedia. Even the language of Lifes caption is subversive, for it picks up a famous pro-imperialist speech by Theodore Roosevelt titled The Strenuous Life. Delivered on April 10, 1899, two years before Roosevelt became president, the most famous lines of the speech were these: I wish to preach, not the doctrine of ignoble ease, but the doctrine of the strenuous life, the life of toil and effort, of labor and strife; to preach that highest form of success which comes, not to the man who desires mere easy peace, but to the man who does not shrink from danger . Un treillage de fer travers par un courant lectrique est la plus saine et la plus sre des cltures. As the caption indicates, this cover illustration dismisses charges of imperialism that critics directed against American expansion at the turn of the century.Harpers Weekly took pride in billing itself as A Journal of Civilization. The barbarians depicted here are Chinese Boxers who committed atrocities against Christian missionaries. From the Cape to Cairo. View Rhodes_cartoon_analysis+FINAL.docx from HIS 123 at Duval Charter School at Baymeadows. Tough the Process Be Costly, The Road of Progress Must Be Cut. Udo Keppler,Puck, December 10, 1902. Published in Punch Magazine 28, November 1906. | Print shows John Bull reclining on luggage labeled "J.B." and boxes of "War Supplies" and "Commissary Supplies" at the "Hotel Egypt" where an Egyptian man is hanging 1 print : chromolithograph. Around 1904 or 1905in another impassioned response to the American war in the Philippines (which officially ended in 1902 but in practice dragged on for many years thereafter)Twain penned a short essay titled The War Prayer. The essay is now regarded as an exemplary indictment of blind patriotism coupled with religious fanaticism. The 1901 date indicates that the specific reference is to Allied reprisals against Chinese civilians following the Boxer Uprising. From Cape to Cairo by Bike | Free Documentary Nature - YouTube 'From the Cape to Cairo: Though the process be costly, the road of Twains most celebrated anti-imperialist essay, To the Person Sitting in Darkness, was published in the February, 1901 issue of the North American Review. The cartoon links might with right, as the cannon is pushed and dragged forward by clergy identified by their headgear: skullcap, biretta, clerical hat, top hat, and distinctive English-style shovel hat. Library of Congress Duplication Services. The aggressive quest for new marketsChinas millions being the most covetedwas justified as part of the benevolent and inevitable spread of progress. ", From the Cape to Cairo. Source:Library of Congress, Left: John Bull gapes at a new American steamer. Theory and Society16(5):675 (1987). Translated from Russian. Treaty of Versailles - Cartoon Analysis (Guillotine) - YouTube Anthropomorphizing nations and concepts meant that in an 1899 cartoon captioned "The White Man's Burden," the U.S., as Uncle Sam, could be shown trudging after Britain's John Bull, his Anglo-Saxon partner, carrying non-white nationsdepicted in grotesque . In his hand, he holds a telegraph wire, which he wanted to build along with the . In his 1898 notes for the Treaty of Pariswhich ended the Spanish-American War with Spain surrendering Cuba and ceding territories including Puerto Rico, Guam, and the PhilippinesMcKinley made a prototypical statement of the civilizers responsibilities in the kind of rhetoric still used today: We took up arms only in obedience to the dictates of humanity and in the fulfillment of high public and moral obligations. Uncle Sams New Class in the Art of Self-Government. W. A. Rogers,Harpers Weekly: A Journal of Civilization, August 27, 1898. In the U.S., despite spirited resistance from Anglophobic Irish immigrants and anti-imperialist leagues, overseas military campaigns gradually gained public support. The Stranger: How long have you been civilized? Three savage turn-of-the-century conflicts defined the milieu in which such rhetoric flourished: the Anglo-Boer War of 18991902 in South Africa; the U.S. conquest and occupation of the Philippines initiated in 1899; and the anti-foreign Boxer Uprising in China that provoked intervention by eight foreign nations in 1900. The image exhibits a racist hierarchy that places a dominant white American male in the center, and on the fringes, an African-American washing the windows and Native-American reading a primer upside down. Misery Loves Company;but they hope soon to be out of it. Louis Dalrymple, Puck, March 20, 1901. Barbarie Civilisation. Full caption: It's all a matter of perspective. The black-and-white drawing by William H. Walker captured the harsh reality behind the ideal of benevolent assimilation, depicting imperialists Uncle Sam, John Bull, Kaiser Wilhelm, and, coming into view, a figure that probably represents France, as burdens carried by vanquished non-white peoples. Source:Library of Congress. If you dont do it I shall have to. Udo Keppler,Puck, August 8, 1900. On June 21 the Empress Dowager Cixi declared war on the Allied nations. Photograph. In the U.S., pro-imperialist graphics created the image of robotic, unstoppable American soldiers stomping on foreign lands and towering over barefoot savages. But by the 1890s, emerging industrial powerhouses like the U.S. and Germany reduced Britains industrial dominance. From the Cape to Cairo / Keppler. - Library Of Congress Hanna was a wealthy businessman with investments in coal and iron who financed McKinleys 1896 election campaign with record-breaking fundraising that led to the defeat of opponent William Jennings Bryan. In the United States, the Boer War, conquest of the Philippines, and Boxer Uprising prompted large, detailed, sophisticated, full-color cartoons in Puck and Judge. A priest of the Church of England, his father served as curate of Brentwood Essex for fifteen years, until 1849, when he became the vicar of Bishop's Stortford, where . Although usually associated with the pro-expansionist proponents of civilization and progress, Puck on occasion turned a discerning eye on the double standards of Americas so-called noble mission in the Philippines and China. Library of Congress Duplication Services. He has a somewhat serious but proud expression on his face, as though his is flaunting the land. A band of tribal defenders, whose leader rides a white charger and wields the flag of Barbarism, fades in the face of Civilizations advance. It evoked both the fact that the bulk of the U.S. force was made up of units from the Midwestern states. On May 1, the U.S. Navy scored its first major victory in foreign watersfar from assured given the weakness of the American fleet at the timeby defeating Spanish warships defending their longtime Pacific colony in the Battle of Manila Bay. 'Explorers in Africa: To the Sources of the Nile') is a 1991 illustrated monograph on the European exploration of Africa. The image appeared in the June 27, 1901 issue of LAssiette au Beurre by Steinlen titled, A Vision de Hugo, 18021902. The full mural decries the bloodshed of colonial warfare in Turkey, China, and Africa. Civilization and trade went hand in hand in turn-of-the-century imperialism. What historical event or imperialist practice is this referencing? Anti-imperialist protesters were often feminized as weak nervous Nellies and, in a play on words, as aunties. Antiwar graphics, on the other hand, informed the public about the darker side of imperial campaigns. Rus. Estimates of civilian fatalities, on the other hand, range from 200,000 to possibly well over a million. Feng, Yongping, The Peaceful Transition of Power from the UK to the US.ChineseJournal of International Politics1 (1) pp. Dickinson State University. When a Chinese coolie strikes a French soldier the result is a public cry of Barbarity! But when a French soldier strikes a coolie, it's a necessary blow for civilization. Ren Georges Hermann-Paul,Le Cri de Paris, July 10, 1899. 730-735 (2008). Anticipated U.S. exports appear on signs that advertise the rich market awaiting American manufacturers. [Photograph] Retrieved from the Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/2010652189/. N.Y.: J. Ottmann Lith. Source:Library of Congress. No quarter will be given! 1345 (1902 December 10), centerfold. Expansionism promulgated under the banner of civilization could not escape being carried out in global military campaigns, referred to as the savage wars of peace in the third stanza: Such avowed paternalism towards other cultures recast the invasion of their lands as altruistic service to humankind. 1898, Donaldson Litho Co. This video provides an in depth analysis of a GCSE History cartoon from the event surrounding the signing of the Treaty of Versailles (after WW1). Her breakthrough was in 1998 with the first episodes of the animated television series (Bakkar) by Cairo Cartoon. Colonists--British--1900-1910. Transatlantic dimensions of the American Anti-Imperialist Movement, 1899-1909.Journal of Transatlantic Studies. Do those benighted wretches fail to realize what we have accomplished in their islands? In many cases, the originals can be served in a few minutes. Wake / J. Ottmann Lith. The U.S. must govern its new territories with or without their consent until they can govern themselves. Veneration of Britains treatment of colonies as a positive model attests to the significant shift in the American world view given U.S. origins in relation to the mother country. Appelbaum, Stanley. Based on the image or your research, what historical event or imperialist practice is this referencing? Cartoonist Victor Gillam turns the tables on American missionary zeal and moral imperative to save the heathen by showing how the Chinese might view the foreign devils in vignettes of ignorance, racism, and extreme violence in the United States. Elle permet aux prisonniers de jouir de la vue du dehors et davoir ainsi lillusion de la libert (Rapport officiel au War Office. Purpose In this activity, you will analyze and then create cartoons about imperialism. Progress was promoted as an unassailable value that would bring the worlds barbarians into modern times for their own good and the good of global commerce. The caption reference to harvest surely carried multiple meaning to many ofLifes American readers. And, After All, the Philippines are Only the Stepping-Stone to China. Emil Flohri,Judge, ca. Co., Puck Bldg. Caption: Though the process be costly, the road to progress must be cut. One cannot imagine a blunter caption than the one that accompanied his 1900 cartoon for Judge: And, after all, the Philippines Are Only the Stepping-Stone to China. In Flohris image, Uncle Samheavily laden with steel, railroads, bridges, farm equipment, and the likegives a cursory nod to the spread of civilization by grasping a book titled "Education" and "Religion. The confident giant is greeted with open arms by a diminutive yellow-clad Chinese mandarin. The graphics protesting U.S. actions in the Philippines were particularly biting, as seen in a page satirically titled Lucky Filipinos. Rising from the flames of a burning home, a skeletal apparition represents the hundreds of thousands of Filipinos killed in the U.S. campaign. Copyright 1902 by Keppler & Schwarzmann. The human and financial cost of these extended conflicts was large. Mans Burden William H. Walker, cover illustration,Life, March 16, 1899. 27-1-09 (July 6, 2009). In these details, the headlight of a modern vehicle (Judge, 1900) and starlight from a goddess of civilization (Puck, 1898) illuminate demeaning caricatures of China. The caption reads Think It Overa phrase that also appeared later in Mark Twains To the Person Sitting in Darkness essay. Good Will to Nobody.Life, January 4, 1900, Source: Widener Library, Harvard University, UnlikePuckandJudge, Life was often highly critical of U.S. overseas expansion. The caption quotes one of the presidents speeches: Teaching them the truth of the common fatherhood of God and the brotherhood of man, and showing that if we are not our brothers keepers we can be our brothers helpers. Who, they asked, was the real barbarian? On Chinas side, the Boxers were absorbed into the Qing government forces to fight the invaders. 1898) illuminate demeaning caricatures of China. First Lessons in Self Government. The paper on desk reads: The New Class. Although these magazines were affiliated with different political partiesthe Democratic Party and Republican Party respectivelyboth generally supported pro-expansionist policies. And Peace Shall Rule. Udo Keppler,Puck, May 3, 1899. The Philippines are diminished as Only the Stepping-Stone that enables the U.S. to reach the eagerly anticipated China market. Source:CGACGA, The Ohio State University Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum. Vol. However, brutally repressive policies followed that included accusations of genocide. Missionaries preaching the Gospel in rural China violated local religious practices. Citing Primary Sources. We may have burnt certain villages, destroyed considerable property and incidentally slaughtered a few thousand of their sons and brothers, husbands and fathers, etc., but what did they expect? The foothold in the Philippines brought China within reach. Keppler, Udo J., Artist. In a post-Bismarck era, Germany was a late-comer to the colonial land grab in Africa and the Pacific. - Thus, under the Here lies (Hic jacet) on each gravestone, we see generic names coupled with places of origin extending from England to Scotland, Ireland, New Zealand, Canada, Australia, Gibraltar, India, Ceylon, and Egypt. N.Y. : J. Ottmann Lith. Is the item digitized? Source: Library of Congress. The backdrop to the scene, a large Map of the United States and Neighboring Countries, attests to the new position the U.S. has taken in the world, with its overseas territories marked by U.S. flags. From Tientsin to Peking with the Allied Forces. (The artist signed his name on the grave on the lower right.). Theodore Roosevelt Digital Library. Other graphic techniques were used by cartoonists to communicate this message. Brown, Frederick. For example, the light of civilization literally illuminated vicious, helpless, or clueless barbarians. But just take a look at the class ahead of you, and remember that, in a little while, you will feel as glad to be here as they are!. (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1938). The rays of the sun shine over Uncle Sam and John Bull, who clasp hands in a renewed Anglo-American alliance of Kindred Interests rooted in the English Tongue. Warships on the horizon ground their mission in naval power. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like 1. Co., Puck Bldg., 1902 December 10. Most viewers will probably agree that there is nothing really comparable in the contemporary world of political cartooning to the drafting skill and flamboyance of these single-panel graphics, which appeared in such popular periodicals as Puck and Judge. In its final issue for 1899a time when the U.S. suppression of Filipino resistance was at its peakPuck turned to a feel-good holiday graphic to reaffirm this theme of the bounty promised to newly invaded countries and peoples. History in Three Keys: The Boxers as Event, Experience, and Myth(New York: Columbia University Press, 1997). The angel of peace and caption suggest that their joint strength will bring about world peace. The archetypal dominance of Civilization over Barbarism is conveyed in a 1902 Puck graphic with the sweeping white figure of Britannia leading British soldiers and colonists in the Boer War. Print shows John Bull attempting to reassure Uncle Sam that the storm clouds labeled "Philippine C Theodore Roosevelt critiques a chapter of Elbert F. Baldwin's book, The World War: How it Looks t A bruised John Bull offers a "Tonic" of "Financial Help" and "Liberal Treatment" to an injured and Library of Congress Prints and Photographs. Daggett, Aaron Simon. Cairo and Cape Town, the twin citadels of British power and presence in Africa. John Bull Good 'evins! 799820 (June 2000). Caption: Though the process be costly, the road to progress must be cut. Nishi, Masao - Institut Mirovogo Khoziastva I Mirovo Politiki (Kommunisticheskaia Akademiia) - Varga, Eugen. To maintain its position in the international balance of power, Britain needed allies. The Life cartoon takes a different view of the barbarism in these events, focussing on Allied brutality against the Chinese. Brandishing the flag of Civilization, Britannia leads white troops and settlers against native forces under the banner of Barbarism.. The distance from Capetown to Cairo, as the crow flies, is about 4200 miles. In some cases, a surrogate (substitute image) is He is Chief Correspondent of public radio's Biotech Nation, a commentator on NPR's Morning Edition, and a contributing editor and a columnist for Conde Nast Portfolio. N.Y.: J. Ottmann Lith. The British people had a long history of supporting imperial wars and as the conflict escalated, criticism in cartoon form declined and was supplanted by patriotic messages. The artists of both "Conquest and Competition" (Visual . As the Heathen See Us: Reversing the Gaze. Source:Library of Congress. The caption at their feet exclaims United We Stand for Civilization and Peace!, 'United We Stand for Civilization and Peace! Louis Dalrymple,Puck, June 8, 1898. William!! That dragon must be killed before our troubles can be adjusted. Save the republic : Anti-imperialist leaflet no. From the Cape to Cairo the first traverse of Africa from south to north by Ewart Scott Grogan. As a long-established world empire, Great Britain held sway over some 12 million square miles and a quarter of the worlds population. | Print shows John Bull attempting to reassure Uncle Sam that the storm clouds labeled "Philippine Complications" blowing in from the right will soon pass; he gestures toward 1 print : chromolithograph. Co., Puck Bldg. Explain the message of this particular cartoon using the details the cartoonist has included. Embracing Technologies of Domination: The Rise of Popular Imperialism in the U.S., 1898-1904. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Communication Association, Dresden International Congress Centre, Dresden, Germany, Jun 16, 2006. Imperialists Uncle Sam, John Bull, Kaiser Wilhelm, and, in the distance, probably France are borne on the backs of subjugated people in the Philippines, India, and Africa. - Imperial and Anti-Imperial Constructions of Civilisation: Engagements with Pre-Modern Pasts.Geopolitics, Vol. Rudyard Kiplings famous poem The White Mans Burden was published in 1899, during a high tide of British and American rhetoric about bringing the blessings of civilization and progress to barbaric non-Western, non-Christian, non-white peoples. The turn-of-the-century visual record tells us otherwise. When applied to people and cultures, the survival of the fittest doctrine gave wealthy, technologically-advanced countries not only the right to dominate backward nations, but an imperative and duty to bring them into the modern world. Co., Puck Bldg. White man's burden--1900-1910, - "MOJ 75-A 495": intended for microfilm. When rich tracts of gold were discovered, an influx of large numbers of British immigrants threatened to overturn Boer rule over these republics. More about Copyright and other Restrictions. Despite several victories in the battle for Tianjin, chaotic Chinese forces melted away before the Allied advance. Source: Widener Library, Harvard University, The barbarity of imperial war is displayed on a battlefield littered with dead soldiers of many nationalities that stretches from contemporary warshere, the Philippines and Transvaal (Boer War)back through time to Roman Wars. The sub-caption of this 1900 Judge cartoon once again asks the disturbing question: is civilization advancing?.
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